##########################################
mean=0; sd=1
lb=-3; ub=-1.96
windows(5,5)
par(mar=c(3,1,0,1),oma=c(0,0,0,0),las=1)
x <- seq(-3,3,length=100)*sd + mean
hx <- dnorm(x,mean,sd)
plot(x, hx,type="n", ylab="",ylim=c(-0.01,0.48),yaxt="n",cex.lab=2,cex.axis=2,lwd=2,axes=F)
i <- x >= lb & x <= ub
lines(x, hx,lwd=3,ylim=c(0,0.48))
mtext(side=1,cex=1.5,line=0.3, at=c(-1.96,1.96),c("-Z","Z"))
#axis(side=1,cex.axis=2,line=-1.1,tick=0.2,lwd=3)  
#axis(side=1,cex.axis=2,ylim=c(-0.02,0.48),at=c(-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3)) 
#mtext(side=1,line=1.8,"t",cex=2) 
#axis(side=2,las=1,cex.axis=2,lwd=2)     
polygon(c(lb,x[i],ub), c(0,hx[i],0), col="grey",lwd=3,ylim=c(0,0.48)) 
area <- pnorm(ub, mean, sd) - pnorm(lb, mean, sd)
#mtext(side=1,"Z",cex=2,line=-22,adj=0.016)
mtext(side=1,expression(paste(alpha,"/2","= 0.025",sep="")),cex=1.5,line=-5,adj=-0.05)
arrows(-2.8,0.07,-2.2,0.005,lwd=2)
lb=1.96;ub=3
i <- x >= lb & x <= ub
polygon(c(lb,x[i],ub), c(0,hx[i],0), col="grey",lwd=3) 
lines(c(-2,2),c(0,0),lwd=3) 
arrows(2.8,0.07,2.2,0.005,lwd=2)
mtext(side=1,expression(paste(alpha,"/2", "= 0.025",sep="")),cex=1.5,line=-5,adj=1.06)
arrows(-1.4,0.02,-1.97,0.02,lwd=2)
arrows(1.4,0.02,1.97,0.02,lwd=2)
mtext(side=1,line=-2.7,"ࢵäÁè»®ÔàʸÊÁÁµÔ°Ò¹ËÅÑ¡",cex=1.5)
mtext(side=1,line=-5,"0.95",cex=1.5,adj=0.5)

################
##########################################
mean=0; sd=1
lb=1.64; ub=3
windows(5,5)
par(mar=c(3,1,0,1),oma=c(0,0,0,0),las=1)
x <- seq(-3,3,length=100)*sd + mean
hx <- dnorm(x,mean,sd)
plot(x, hx,type="n", ylab="",ylim=c(-0.01,0.48),yaxt="n",cex.lab=2,cex.axis=2,lwd=2,axes=F)
i <- x >= lb & x <= ub
lines(x, hx,lwd=3,ylim=c(0,0.48))
mtext(side=1,cex=1.5,line=0.3, at=c(1.64),c("Z"))
#axis(side=1,cex.axis=2,line=-1.1,tick=0.2,lwd=3)  
#axis(side=1,cex.axis=2,ylim=c(-0.02,0.48),at=c(-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3)) 
#mtext(side=1,line=1.8,"t",cex=2) 
#axis(side=2,las=1,cex.axis=2,lwd=2)     
polygon(c(lb,x[i],ub), c(0,hx[i],0), col="grey",lwd=3,ylim=c(0,0.48)) 
area <- pnorm(ub, mean, sd) - pnorm(lb, mean, sd)
#mtext(side=1,"Z",cex=2,line=-22,adj=0.016)
mtext(side=1,expression(paste(alpha,"= 0.05",sep="")),cex=1.5,line=-5,adj=1.04)
arrows(2.8,0.07,2.2,0.005,lwd=2)
mtext(side=1,line=-2.7,"ࢵäÁè»®ÔàʸÊÁÁµÔ°Ò¹ËÅÑ¡",cex=1.5)
mtext(side=1,line=-5,"0.95",cex=1.5,adj=0.5)
lines(c(-3,3),c(0,0),lwd=3) 
arrows(-1.4,0.02,-1.97,0.02,lwd=2)
################
mean=0; sd=1
lb=-3; ub=-1.64
windows(5,5)
par(mar=c(3,1,0,1),oma=c(0,0,0,0),las=1)
x <- seq(-3,3,length=100)*sd + mean
hx <- dnorm(x,mean,sd)
plot(x, hx,type="n", ylab="",ylim=c(-0.01,0.48),yaxt="n",cex.lab=2,cex.axis=2,lwd=2,axes=F)
i <- x >= lb & x <= ub
lines(x, hx,lwd=3,ylim=c(0,0.48))
mtext(side=1,cex=1.5,line=0.3, at=c(-1.64),c("-Z"))
#axis(side=1,cex.axis=2,line=-1.1,tick=0.2,lwd=3)  
#axis(side=1,cex.axis=2,ylim=c(-0.02,0.48),at=c(-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3)) 
#mtext(side=1,line=1.8,"t",cex=2) 
#axis(side=2,las=1,cex.axis=2,lwd=2)     
polygon(c(lb,x[i],ub), c(0,hx[i],0), col="grey",lwd=3,ylim=c(0,0.48)) 
area <- pnorm(ub, mean, sd) - pnorm(lb, mean, sd)
#mtext(side=1,"Z",cex=2,line=-22,adj=0.016)
mtext(side=1,expression(paste(alpha,"= 0.05",sep="")),cex=1.5,line=-5,adj=-0.05)
arrows(-2.8,0.07,-2.2,0.005,lwd=2)
mtext(side=1,line=-2.7,"ࢵäÁè»®ÔàʸÊÁÁµÔ°Ò¹ËÅÑ¡",cex=1.5)
mtext(side=1,line=-5,"0.95",cex=1.5,adj=0.5)
lines(c(-2,3),c(0,0),lwd=3) 
arrows(1.4,0.02,1.97,0.02,lwd=2)